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《明宣府镇城的建置及其演变*》

     Establishment and Evolvement of Xuanfu-Military
作  者:王琳峰 张玉坤
     (School of Architecture,Tianjin University,TianJin 300072,China)
出  处:史学月刊 2010年第11期
发表时间:2010-00-00
分 类 号:K248
文  摘:
以明代宣府镇城为例,研究明长城“九边”防御体系中最高级别的防御设施镇城的建置、功能及演变。依据历史资料推测出宣府镇城的空间功能构成图,还原其历史空间。从其最初建置、战略选址、功能构成、形态演变和精神层面等角度进行解析:宣府镇城的建制及演变受到自然条件、边防形势、经济生活以及礼法与社会观念等因素的共同影响。从防御效果看,“固若金汤”依靠的不仅仅是防御体系的设置和防御设施的构筑,还需要考虑军事实力、防御战、人心向背等诸多因素。
关 键 词:明朝 宣府镇城 建置 演变 影响因素
正  文:
  明长城沿线的“九边”重镇,从军事层面上看,是“九边”重镇的设置及各镇的层级组织机构;从物质层面上看,是具有严密层级的依托长城及其沿线聚落的军事防御工程设施。长城沿线军事聚落在北边资源供给、兵力调配上的作用和重要性远大于长城墙体。从整体角 ……
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参考文献:
参考文献:
* 本文系国家自然科学基金项目“明长城军事防御性聚落与防御体系基础性研究”(项目号50578105)、教育部博士学科点专项科研基金“中国传统防御性聚落基础研究”(项目号20070056053)的阶段成果。
以明长城为主的军事制度类论述,主要有谭其骧的《释明代都司卫所制度》(《禹贡》1935年7月第3卷第10期,收入氏著《长水集》,人民出版社1994年版)、南炳
文的《明初军制初探》(《南开史学》1983年第1、2期)、马楚坚的《明清边政与治乱》(天津人民出版社1984年版)、〔日〕山崎清一的《明代兵制的研究》(《历史学研究》94号,1941年)、华夏子的《明长城考实》(档案出版社1988年版)、余同元的《明代九边论述》(《安徽师范大学学报》1989年第2期)、李荣庆的《明代武职袭替制度述论》(《郑州大学学报》1990年第1期)、李长弓的《明代驿传役研究》(博士学位论文)(厦门大学人文学院历史学系1991年)、罗东阳的《明代兵备初探》
(《东北师大学报》1994年第1期)、靳润成的《明朝总督巡抚辖区研究》(天津古籍出版社1996年版)、肖立军的《明代中后期九边兵制研究》(吉林人民出版社
2001年版)、董耀会的《瓦合集———长城研究文论》(科学出版社2004年版)、郭红和于翠艳的《明代都司卫所制度与军管型政区》(《军事历史研究》2004年第4期)、于墨颖的《明蒙关系研究———以明蒙双边政策及明朝对蒙古的防御为中心》(博士学位论文)(内蒙古大学民族学与社会学学院2004年)、赵现海的《明代九边军镇体制研究》(博士学位论文)(东北师范大学明清史研究所2005年)等。军屯边垦和互市贸易类文章,主要有朱庆永的《明代九边军饷》(《大公报》,1935年9月8日,“经济周刊”)、李龙潜的《明代军屯制度的组织形式》(《历史教学》1962年第12期)、王毓铨的《明代的军屯》(中华书局1965年版)、全汉昇的《明代北边米粮价格的变动》(香港《新亚学报》1970年第9卷第2期)、李三谋的《明代边防与边垦》(《中国边疆史地研
究》1995年第4期)、张萍的《明代陕北蒙汉边界区军事城镇的商业化》(《民族研究》2003年第6期)等。人口变迁与文化演变类文章,主要有余同元的《明代长城文化带形成与演变》(《烟台大学学报》1990 年第3期)、郭红的《明代卫所移民与地域文化的变迁》(《中国历史地理论丛》2003年第2期)等。
②自然地理类的论述,主要有顾琳的《明清时期榆林城遭受流沙侵袭的历史记录及其原因的初步分析》(《中国历史地理论丛》2003年第4期)等。人文地理方面的论述主要有史念海的《西北地区诸长城的分布及其历史军事地理》(《中国历史地理论丛》1994年第3辑)等。
③长城及设防聚落的研究成果,多集中于对远古时期的研究,如严文明的《中国环壕聚落的演变》(《国学研究》第2卷,北京大学出版社1994年版)、刘辉的《史前聚落与考古遗址》(《东南文化》2000年第5期)、钱耀鹏的《中国史前防御设施的社会意义考察》(《华夏考古》2003年第3期)等。
④罗哲文:《长城》,北京出版社1982年版;《失去的建筑》,中国建筑工业出版社2002年版。
⑤《中国军事史》编写组:《中国军事史》第6卷(兵垒),解放军出版社1991年版。
⑥长城军事聚落研究的相关论文,主要有李严的《榆林地区明长城军事堡寨聚落研究》(硕士学位论文)(天津大学建筑学院2004年)、李哲的《山西省雁北地区明代军事防御性聚落探析》(硕士学位论文)(天津大学建筑学院2005年)、倪晶的《明宣府镇长城军事堡寨聚落研究》(硕士学位论文)(天津大学建筑学院2005年)、张曦沐的《明长城居庸关研究》(硕士学位论文)(天津大学建筑学院2005年)、李贞娥的《长城山西镇段沿线明代城堡建筑研究》(硕士学位论文)(清华大学建筑学院2005年)、李严的《明长城“九边”重镇军事防御性聚落研究》(博士学位论文)(天津大学建筑学院2007年)、
薛原的《资源、经济角度下明代长城沿线军事聚落变迁研究》(硕士学位论文)(天津大学建筑学院2007年)、吴晶晶的《陕西高家堡古镇空间形态演进及其用地结构研究》(硕士学位论文)(西安建筑科技大学建筑学院2008年)以及陈喆、董明晋、戴俭的《北京地区长城沿线戍边城堡形态特征与保护策略探析》(《建筑学报》2008年第3期)等。

①杨时宁编:《宣大山西三镇图说》,玄览堂丛书本,江苏广陵古籍刻印社1986年版。
②申时行、赵用贤等纂修:《大明会典》卷一二六《镇戍一》,明万历十五年修,全国图书馆文献缩微中心,2001年。

①杨润平:《明宣府镇的长城防务》,《张家口职业技术学院学报》2000年第11期。
②④ 宣化县地方志编撰委员会:《宣化县志》,河北人民出版社1993年版,第11~12、11~13页。
③霍冀:《九边图说》,于默颖、薄音湖:《明代蒙古汉籍史料汇编》第2辑,内蒙古大学出版社2007年版,第35页。
⑤陈韶旭、薛志清:《明朝中前期宣府镇在北部边疆的重要地位和作用》,《河北北方学院学报》2006年第5期。
⑥程道生:《九边图考•宣府》,民国8年石印本,第33页。
⑦郭璞:《古本葬经•内篇》卷一,《津逮秘书》第4集,上海博古斋民国11年版。

①王娟、王军:《中国古代农耕社会村落选址及其风水景观模式》,《西安建筑科技大学学报》2005年第3期。
②孙世芳纂修:《宣府镇志》,明嘉靖本,新修方志丛刊,台北,学生书局1969年影印,第75页。
③李筌:《神机制敌太白阴经》卷二《人谋下•地势篇第十九》,丛书集成初编本。
④王其亨:《风水理论研究》,天津大学出版社2005年版,第38页图1。
⑤顾祖禹撰,贺次君、施和金点校:《读史方舆纪要》卷一八《北直九》,中国古代地理总志丛刊,中华书局2005年版。
⑥于谦:《少保于公奏议》卷一《北伐类•兵部为边务事》,丛书集成续编本。
⑦陈坦纂修:《宣化县志》,清康熙五十年刻本,全国图书馆文献缩微中心,1990年。
⑧陈继曾、陈时隽、郭维城修纂:《宣化县新志》,民国11年铅印本,新修方志丛刊,台北,学生书局1967年影印。

①2009年1月,作者于宣化古城调研时,拍摄“宣化古城旅游景区导览图”,并据此绘制图6“宣化古城现存景点分布图”。
②王毓铨:《明代的军屯》,中华书局2009年再版本,第186~187页。
③孙世芳纂修:《宣府镇志》,第75页。

①宣化县地方志编撰委员会:《宣化县志》,第12页。
②狄志惠:《京西第一府———宣化》,《城乡建设》2007年第4期。

①镇国府位置的确定,参考了张连仲《宣化皇城溯源》
(http://php.ynety.cn/news/news_more.asp?lm2=102,2008-10-11/2008-12-09)一文。
②孙世芳纂修:《宣府镇志》,第89页。

①由于无从找到明代宣府城池图,此图以清代《宣化府志》中的“宣府城郭图”为底本,并结合文献资料记载绘制而成,以揭示寺庙存在的相对位置和数目。
②明代宣府镇志中记载的寺庙、祭祀建筑的数目多于图9中所标示的数目。
③⑤ 孙世芳纂修:《宣府镇志》,第166、108页。
④陈韶旭、薛志清:《明朝中前期宣府镇在北部边疆的重要地位和作用》。
⑤陈韶旭、王凯东、冶治江:《明朝政府对宣府地方经济的扶植政策及影响》,《张家口师专学报》2003年第5期。

①孙世芳纂修:《宣府镇志》,第89页。
②刘景纯:《宣德至万历年间蒙古诸部侵扰九边的时间分布与地域变迁》,《中国边疆史地研究》2009年第6期。
③《明武宗实录》卷一一四,正德九年七月乙丑,台北,中研院历史语言研究所1962年影校本。
④《明英宗实录》卷一八一,正统十四年八月庚戌,台北,中研院历史语言研究所1962年影校本。
⑤古城春晓:《李自成智取宣府》,《张家口晚报》,2008年10月27日,第A16版。
⑥李筌:《神机制敌太白阴经》卷二《人谋下•地势篇第十九》。
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